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Title: Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, vol. LXX, Dec. 1910
Tests of Creosoted Timber, Paper No. 1168
Author: W. B. Gregory
Release Date: February 16, 2006 [EBook #17776]
Language: English
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AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS
INSTITUTED 1852
TRANSACTIONS
Paper No. 1168
TESTS OF CREOSOTED TIMBER.
By W. B. Gregory, M. Am. Soc. C. E.
During the last few years a quantity of literature has appeared in which the treatment of timber by preservatives has been discussed. The properties of timber, both treated and untreated, have been determined by the Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture, and through its researches valuable knowledge has come to engineers who have to deal with the design of wooden structures. There is very little information, however, regarding the effect of time on creosoted timber, and for this reason the results given herewith may prove of interest.
The material tested consisted of southern pine stringers having a cross-section approximately 6 by 16 in. and a length of 30 ft. For the purpose of testing, each beam was cut into two parts, each about 15 ft. long. This material had been in use in a trestle of a railroad near New Orleans for 26 years. The stringers were chosen at random to determine the general condition of the trestle. The timber had been exposed to the weather and subjected to heavy train service from the time it was treated until it was tested. The annual rainfall at New Orleans is about 60 in., and the humidity of the air is high. In spite of these conditions, there was no appearance of decay on any of the specimens tested. The specifications under which the timber was treated were as follows:
Timber.
The timber for creosoting shall be long-leafed or southern pine. Sap surfaces on two or more sides are preferred.
Piles.—The piles shall be of long-leafed or southern pine, not less than 14 in. at the butt. They shall be free from defects impairing their strength, and shall be reasonably straight.
The piles shall be cleanly peeled, no inner skin being left on them. The oil used shall be so-called creosote oil, from London, England, and shall be of a heavy quality.
The treatment will vary according to the dimensions of the timbers and length of time they have been cut. Timbers of large and small dimensions shall not be treated in the same charge, neither shall timbers of differing stages of air seasoning, or the close-grained, be treated in the same charge with coarse or open-grained timbers.
The timbers shall be subjected first to live steam superheated to from 250 to 275° Fahr., and under a 30 to 40-lb. pressure. The live steam shall be admitted into the cylinders through perforated steam pipes, and the temperature shall be obtained by using superheated steam in closed pipes in the cylinders.
The length of time this steaming shall last will depend on the size of the timbers and the length of time they have been cut. In piles and large timbers freshly cut, as long a time as 12 hours may be required. After the steaming is accomplished, the live steam shall be shut off and the superheated steam shall be maintained at a temperature of 160° or more and a vacuum of from 20 to 25 in. shall be held for 4 hours or longer, if the discharge from the pumps indicates the necessity.
Oil Treatment.—The temperature being maintained at 160° Fahr., the cylinders shall be promptly filled with creosote oil at a temperature as high as practicable (about 100° Fahr.). The oil shall be maintained at a pressure ranging from 100 to 120 lb., as experience and measurements must determine the length of time the oil treatment shall continue, so that the required amount of oil may be injected.
After the required amount of oil is injected, the superheated steam shall be shut off, the oil let out, the cylinders promptly opened at each end, and the timber immediately removed from the cylinder.
In the erection of timbers the sap side must be turned up, and framing or cutting of timbers shall not be permitted, if avoidable. All cut surfaces of timbers shall be saturated with hot asphaltum, thinned with creosote oil. The heads of piles when cut shall be promptly coated with the hot asphaltum and oil, even though the cut-off be temporary.
Method of Testing.
The tests were made on a Riehlé 100,000-lb. machine in the Experimental Engineering Laboratory of Tulane University of Louisiana. The machine is provided with a cast-iron beam for cross-bending tests. The distance between supports was 12 ft. The method of support was as follows: Each end of the beam was provided with a steel roller which rested on the cast-iron beam of the testing machine, while above the roller, and, directly under the beam tested, there was a steel plate 6 by 8 in. in area and 1 in. thick. The area was sufficiently great to distribute the load and prevent the shearing of the fibers of the wood. The head of the Riehlé machine is 10 in. wide. A plate, 3/8 in. thick, 6 in. wide and 18 in. long, was placed between the head of the machine and the beam tested.
Fig. 1.—DEFLECTON CURVES BEAM I
Fig. 2.—DEFLECTON CURVES BEAM II
TABLE 1.—Summary of Results of Transverse Tests of Beams at Tulane University, February 10th to March 2d, 1909.
Number of beam.
Top or butt of log.
b
h
I
Loads:S = Plc/4I
d,
Inches.E
Weight, in pounds per cubic foot.
Remarks.
Width, in inches.
Height, in inches.
I = bh
3/12
Actual at elastic limit.
Maximum.
At elastic limit.
Maximum.
At elastic limit.
E = Pl
3/48dI
I
B
6.28
15.94
2,120
22,000
45,900
2,975
6,200
0.41
1,575,000
50.2
Close-grained pine, long-leaf.
I
T
6.00
15.69
1,934
20,000
38,000
2,915
5,540
0.465
1,383,000
47.5
II
[A]T
6.37
15.81
2,098
20,000
43,450
2,722
5,918
0.380
1,562,000
40.5
Coarse loblolly, large knots.
II
B
6.41
16.41
2,360
16,000
25,040
1,999
3,130
0.430
979,000
42.2
III
T
5.88
15.68
1,871
24,000
45,130
3,608
6,785
0.535
1,489,000
40.4
Close-grained, long-leaf no knots.
III
B
5.88
15.90
1,965
21,000
35,190
3,054
5,120
0.515
1,288,000
44.2
IV
T
6.00
15.43
1,835
22,000
38,425
3,320
5,810
0.465
1,601,000
40.8
Loblolly, with knots.
IV
B
6.12
15.87
2,032
22,000
35,500
3,090
4,983
0.660
1,017,000
41.5
V
B
6.00
16.00
2,048
22,000
47,000
3,090
6,610
0.400
1,670,000
47.2
Long-leaf yellow pine.
V
[A]T
6.00
15.87
1,999
14,000
22,050
1,998
3,145
0.315
1,382,000
42.1
VI
[A]B
5.50
15.75
1,790
22,000
51,330
3,484
8,925
0.450
1,695,000
50.2
Long-leaf yellow pine.
VI
[A]T
5.87
15.62
1,865
20,000
44,000
3,013
6,627
0.410
1,625,000
45.2
VII
B
6.56
15.62
2,083
34,000
51,900
4,580
6,985
0.620
1,637,000
43.7
Long-leaf yellow pine.
VII
[A]T
6.22
15.62
1,975
20,000
49,000
2,845
6,970
0.380
1,658,000
40.2
[A] Failed in longitudinal shear.
The deflection was measured on both sides of each beam by using silk threads stretched on each side from nails driven about 2 in. above the bottom of the beam and directly over the rollers which formed the supports. From a small piece of wood, tacked to the bottom of the beam at its center and projecting at the sides, the distance to these threads was measured. These measurements were taken to the nearest hundredth of an inch. The mean of the deflections was taken as the true deflection for any load.
Fig. 3.—DEFLECTON CURVES BEAM III
Fig. 4.—DEFLECTON CURVES BEAM IV
In computing the various quantities shown in Table 1, the summary of results, the load has been assumed as concentrated at the center of the beam. While it is true that the load was spread over a length of about 12 in., due to the width of the head of the machine and the plate between it and the beam tested, it is also true that there were irregularities, such as bolt-holes and, in some cases, abrasions due to wear, that could not well be taken into account. Hence, it was deemed sufficiently accurate to consider the load as concentrated. Besides the horizontal bolt-holes, shown in the photographs, there were vertical bolt-holes, at intervals in all the beams. The latter were 7/8 in. in diameter, and in every case they were sufficiently removed from the center of the length of the beam to allow the maximum moment at the reduced section to be relatively less than that at the center of the beam. For this reason, no correction was made for these holes. The broken beams often showed that rupture started at, or was influenced by, some of the holes, especially the horizontal ones.
While some of the heavy oils of a tarry consistency remained, they were only to be found in the sappy portions of the long-leaf pine and in the loblolly (Specimens II and IV). Exposure in a semi-tropical climate for 26 years had resulted in the removal of the more volatile portions of the creosote oil. The penetration of the oil into the sap wood seemed to be perfect, while in the loblolly it varied from a fraction of an inch to 1-1/2 in. In the heart wood there was very little penetration across the grain. The timber had been framed and the holes bored before treatment. The penetration of the creosote along the grain from the holes was often from 4 to 6 in.
Circular 39 of the Forest Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, entitled "Experiments on the Strength of Treated Timber," gives the results of a great many tests of creosoted ties, principally loblolly pine, from which the following conclusions are quoted:
"(1) A high degree of steaming is injurious to wood. The degree of steaming at which pronounced harm results will depend upon the quality of the wood and its degree of seasoning, and upon the pressure (temperature) of steam and the duration of its application. For loblolly pine the limit of safety is certainly 30 pounds for 4 hours, or 20 pounds for 6 hours." [Tables 3, 6, and 7.]
"(2) The presence of zinc chlorid will not weaken wood under static loading, although the indications are that the wood becomes brittle under impact." [Tables 3 and 4.]
Fig. 5.—DEFLECTON CURVES BEAM V
Fig. 6.—DEFLECTON CURVES BEAM VI
"(3) The presence of creosote will not weaken wood of itself. Since apparently it is present only in the openings of the cells, and does not get into the cell walls, its action can only be to retard the seasoning of the wood." [Tables 3, 4, 5, and 6.]
Fig. 7.—DEFLECTON CURVES BEAM VII
Comparisons.
A comparison of the results obtained with tests made on untreated timber is interesting, and to this end Tables 2 and 3, from Circular 115, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, by W. Kendrick Hatt, Assoc. M. Am. Soc. C. E., are quoted. The tests made by the writer were from timber raised in Louisiana and Mississippi, while the tests quoted were from timber raised farther north. The number of tests was not sufficient to settle questions of average strength or other qualities. It will be seen, however, that the treated timber 26 years old compares favorably with the new untreated timber.
Plate I, Fig. 1.—Specimen in Testing Machine, Showing Method of Support.
Plate I, Fig. 2.—End Views of Tested Timbers.
TABLE 2.—Bending Strength of Large Sticks.
Loblolly Pine.Reference number.
Locality of Growth.
Dimensions.Grade.
Condition of seasoning.
Number of tests.
Moisture, per cent.
Rings per inch.
Specific gravity, dry.
Weight per Cubic Foot, in Pounds.Fiber stress at elastic limit, in pounds per square inch.
Modulus of rupture, in pounds per square inch.
Modulus of elasticity, in thousands of pounds per square inch.
Elastic resilience, in inch pounds per cubic inch.
Number failing by longi- tudinal shear.
Remarks.
Section, in inches.
Span, in feet
As tested.
Oven dry.
1
South Carolina.
6 by 7
6 by 10
4 by 12
6 by 16
8 by 14
8 by 16
10 to 15.5
Square edge
Green
Average
42
48.0
5.7
0.50
46.2
31.2
3,150
5,580
1,426
0.45
7
Moisture above saturation point in all cases.
Maximum
92.1
11.7
0.60
56.8
37.5
5,210
8,460
1,920
0.99
Minimum
30.2
2.3
0.40
35.6
25.0
1,675
3,120
905
0.07
2
South Carolina.
6 by 7
4 by 12
6 by 10
6 by 16
8 by 16
10 by 16
10 to 16
Square edge
Partially air dry.
Average
18
27.7
5.0
0.50
40.0
31.2
3,380
5,650
1,435
0.45
0
Moisture from 25 to 30 per cent.
Maximum
29.2
8.2
0.55
43.7
34.4
4,610
8,090
1,880
0.76
Minimum
25.5
2.5
0.45
35.6
28.1
2,115
3,600
1,152
0.20
3
South Carolina.
6 by 7
4 by 12
6 by 10
6 by 16
10 to 15
Square edge
Partially air dry.
Average
19
21.0
5.6
0.50
37.5
31.2
2,970
5,690
1,340
0.39
2
Moisture less than 25 per cent.
Maximum
24.9
17.2
0.58
45.6
36.2
4,850
8,100
2,040
0.69
Minimum
15.0
2.7
0.41
31.2
25.6
1,730
2,910
906
0.10
4
Virginia.
8 by 8
6 to 16
Square edge
Partially air dry.
Average
12
22.4
4.8
0.46
35.6
28.8
3,260
5,180
1,180
0.51
0
Maximum
27.7
8.8
0.58
43.1
36.2
5,300
8,950
1,728
1.05
Minimum
17.8
2.5
0.37
30.0
23.1
1,280
2,180
606
0.13
5
Virginia.
8 by 8
6 to 15.5
Square edge
Green
Average
17
64.0
3.0
0.43
43.7
26.9
1,935
3,490
744
0.31
0
Very rapid growth; poor quality.
Maximum
100.5
4.0
0.51
51.9
31.9
3,185
4,720
1,193
0.78
Minimum
38.8
2.5
0.35
35.0
21.9
956
2,180
357
0.12
Long-Leaf Pine.6
South Carolina.
6 by 8
10 by 16
15
Merchantable
Partially air dry
Average
25.0
13.7
0.58
45.6
36.2
3,800
7,160
1,560
0.53
9
Maximum
22
40.3
25.4
0.76
60.0
47.5
4,970
10,020
2,010
0.78
Minimum
17.3
6.2
0.50
39.4
31.2
2,220
5,450
1,190
0.21
7
Georgia.
10 by 12
15
Merchantable
Partially air dry.
Average
27.3
18.0
0.69
54.7
42.9
5,581
8,384
1,820
6
Excellent merchantable grade.
Maximum
22
34.5
29.0
0.79
49.4
9,600
11,410
2,920
Minimum
20.0
11.0
0.50
31.4
3,547
4,836
1,167
TABLE 3.—Loblolly Pine.— Bending Tests on Beams Seasoned Under Different Conditions.
(8 by 16-in. section; 13-1/2 to 15-ft. span.)
Number of tests.
Fiber stress at elastic limit, in pounds per square inch.
Modulus of rupture, in pounds per square inch.
Longitudinal shear at maximum load, in pounds per square inch.
Modulus of elasticity, in thousands of pounds per square inch.
Percentage of moisture.
Rings per inch.
Weight per cubic foot, oven dry, in pounds.
Condition of seasoning.
Average
4
3,580
5,480
364
41,780
23.2
9.4
33.7
Air dry, 3-1/2 months in the open.
Maximum
4,070
6,600
440
1,987
24.3
11.5
34.5
Minimum
3,090
5,000
327
1,530
21.5
8.0
32.5
Average
5
4,512
5,060
338
31,685
20
7.7
33.9
Kiln dry, 6 days.
Maximum
5,840
7,320
488
1,790
22
10.2
38.0
Minimum
3,180
2,150
143
1,410
18
4.7
27.7
Average
12
4,331
6,721
493
91,688
7.7
Air dry, 21 months under shelter.
Maximum
4,990
8,560
620
2,002
9.5
Minimum
3,110
5,160
380
1,398
5.5
Note.—Figures written as subscripts to the figures for longitudinal shear indicate the number of sticks failing in that manner.
Plate II.—Side Views of Tested Timbers.
TABLE 4.—Load and Deflection Log. Beam I.
Date: February 26th, 1909.
l= 12 ft.;
b(mean) = 6-9/32 in.;
h(mean) = 15-15/16 in.;
c= 7.97 in. Time = 1 hour.
Date: February 24th, 1909.
l= 12 ft.;
b(mean) = 6 in.;
h(mean) = 15.69 in.;
c= 7.84 in.
No.
P
Deflection, in Inches.P
Deflection, in Inches.Load, in pounds.
Reading.
Total deflection.
Reading.
Total deflection.
Mean total deflection.
Load, in pounds.
Reading.
Total deflection.
Reading.
Total deflection.
Mean total deflection.
1
0
1.86
0
1.88
0
0
0
1.83
0
1.86
0
0
2
2,000
1.92
0.05
1.90
0.02
0.035
2,000
1.87
0.04
1.90
0.04
0.04
3
4,000
1.96
0.10
1.94
0.06
0.080
4,000
1.91
0.08
1.96
0.10
0.090
4
6,000
1.99
0.13
1.98
0.10
0.115
6,000
1.96
0.13
2.00
0.14
0.135
5
8,000
2.03
0.17
2.02
0.14
0.155
8,000
2.00
0.17
2.04
0.18
0.175
6
10,000
2.05
0.19
2.06
0.18
0.185
10,000
2.04
0.21
2.08
0.22
0.215
7
12,000
2.10
0.24
2.09
0.21
0.225
12,000
2.09
0.26
2.13
0.27
0.265
8
14,000
2.13
0.27
2.13
0.25
0.260
14,000
2.14
0.31
2.18
0.32
0.315
9
16,000
2.17
0.31
2.16
0.28
0.295
16,000
2.19
0.36
2.23
0.37
0.365
10
18,000
2.20
0.34
2.20
0.32
0.330
18,000
2.24
0.41
2.28
0.42
0.415
11
20,000
2.24
0.36
2.25
0.37
0.365
20,000
2.29
0.46
2.33
0.47
0.465
12
22,000
2.28
0.42
2.28
0.40
0.410
22,000
2.34
0.51
2.39
0.53
0.520
13
24,000
2.32
0.46
2.32
0.44
0.450
24,000
2.39
0.56
2.43
0.57
0.565
14
26,000
2.36
0.50
2.36
0.48
0.490
26,000
2.44
0.61
2.48
0.62
0.615
15
28,000
2.40
0.54
2.39
0.51
0.525
28,000
2.49
0.66
2.53
0.67
0.685
16
30,000
2.43
0.57
2.44
0.56
0.565
30,000
2.55
0.72
2.58
0.72
0.720
17
32,000
2.48
0.62
2.48
0.60
0.610
32,000
2.61
0.78
2.65
0.79
0.785
18
34,000
2.52
0.68
2.53
0.65
0.655
34,000
[B]2.68
0.85
2.70
0.84
0.845
19
36,000
2.56
0.70
2.56
0.68
0.690
36,000
2.74
0.91
2.78
0.92
0.915
20
38,000
2.61
0.75
2.62
0.74
0.745
38,000
Broke.
21
40,000
2.65
0.79
2.67
0.79
0.790
22
42,000
2.70
0.84
2.73
0.85
0.845
23
44,000
2.75
0.89
2.77
0.89
0.890
37,500 lb., First Crack; 45,900 lb., Failed.
At Elastic Limit: Load, 22,000 lb.; deflection, 0.41 in.;
S, 2,975 lb.
At Elastic Limit: Load, 20,000 lb.; deflection, 0.465 in.;
S, 2,975 lb.
Maximum: Load, 45,900 lb.; deflection,.....;
S, 6,209 lb.
Maximum: Load, 38,000 lb.; deflection,.....;
S, 5,540 lb.
E= 1,575,000 lb.
E= 1,383,000 lb.
[B] First crack.
TABLE 4.—(Continued.)—Load and Deflection Log. Beam II.
Date: February 20th, 1909.
l= 12 ft.;
b(mean) = 6.38 in.;
h(mean) = 15.81 in.;
c= 7.91 in. Time = 47.5 min
Date: —
l= 12 ft.;
b(mean) = 6.41 in.;
h(mean) = 16.41 in.;
c= 8.20 in.
No.
P
Deflection, in Inches.P
Deflection, in Inches.Load, in pounds.
Reading.
Total deflection.
Reading.
Total deflection.
Mean total deflection.
Load, in pounds.
Reading.
Total deflection.
Reading.
Total deflection.
Mean total deflection.
1
0
1.65
0
1.68
0
0
0
1.86
0
1.87
0
0
2
2,000
1.69
0.04
1.72
0.04
0.040
2,000
1.91
0.05
1.92
0.05
0.05
3
4,000
1.73
0.08
1.77
0.09
0.085
4,000
1.98
0.12
1.98
0.11
0.115
4
6,000
1.76
0.11
1.80
0.12
0.115
6,000
2.05
0.19
2.02
0.15
0.170
5
8,000
1.80
0.15
1.83
0.15
0.150
8,000
2.07
0.21
2.08
0.21
0.210
6
10,000
1.83
0.18
1.86
0.18
0.180
10,000
2.13
0.27
2.13
0.26
0.265
7
12,000
1.87
0.22
1.90
0.22
0.220
12,000
2.18
0.32
2.18
0.31
0.315
8
14,000
1.91
0.26
1.94
0.26
0.260
14,000
2.25
0.39
2.24
0.37
0.380
9
16,000
1.95
0.30
1.98
0.30
0.300
16,000
2.30
0.44
2.29
0.42
0.430
10
18,000
1.98
0.33
2.02
0.34
0.335
18,000
[C]2.35
0.49
2.35
0.48
0.485
11
20,000
2.03
0.38
2.06
0.38
0.380
20,000
2.44
0.58
2.42
0.55
0.565
12
22,000
2.07
0.42
2.10
0.42
0.420
22,000
2.54
0.68
2.54
0.67
0.675
13
24,000
2.11
0.46
2.14
0.46
0.460
25,040
Failed
14
26,000
2.15
0.50
2.18
0.50
0.500
15
28,000
2.18
0.53
2.22
0.54
0.535
16
30,000
2.23
0.58
2.26
0.58
0.580
17
32,000
2.27
0.62
2.30
0.62
0.620
18
34,000
2.32
0.67
2.35
0.67
0.670
19
36,000
2.37
0.72
2.40
0.72
0.720
20
38,000
2.42
0.77
2.45
0.77
0.770
21
40,000
2.48
0.83
2.50
0.82
0.825
22
42,000
2.53
0.88
2.56
0.88
0.880
23
43,450
Fracture.
24
45,710
Failed.
At Elastic Limit: Load, 20,000 lb.; deflection, 0.38 in.;
S, 2,722 lb.
At Elastic Limit: Load, 16,000 lb.; deflection, 0.43 in.;
S, 1,999 lb.
Maximum: Load, 43,450 lb.; deflection,.....;
S, 5,918 lb.
Maximum: Load, 25,040 lb.; deflection,.....;
S, 3,130 lb.
E= 1,562,000 lb.
E= 979,000 lb.
[C] First crack.
TABLE 4.—(Continued.)—Load and Deflection Log. Beam III.
Date: February 13th, 1909.
l= 12 ft.;
b(mean) = 5.88 in.;
h(mean) = 15.63 in.;
c= 7.82 in.
Date: —
l= 12 ft.;
b(mean) = 5.88 in.;
h(mean) = 15.9 in.;
c= 7.95 in. Time = 45 min.
No.
P
Deflection, in Inches.P
Deflection, in Inches.Load, in pounds.
Reading.
Total deflection.
Reading.
Total deflection.
Mean total deflection.
Load, in pounds.
Reading.
Total deflection.
Reading.
Total deflection.
Mean total deflection.
1
0
1.23
0
1.06
0
0
0
1.67
0
1.63
0
0
2
2,000
1.27
.04
1.10
0.04
0.040
2,000
1.70
0.03
1.68
0.05
0.040
3
4,000
1.32
0.09
1.13
0.07
0.080
4,000
1.72
0.05
1.72
0.09
0.070
4
6,000
1.37
0.14
1.17
0.11
0.125
6,000
1.82
0.15
1.78
0.15
0.150
5
8,000
1.42
0.19
1.22
0.16
0.175
8,000
1.86
0.19
1.82
0.19
0.190
6
10,000
1.47
0.24
1.26
0.20
0.220
10,000
1.90
0.23
1.87
0.24
0.235
7
12,000
1.51
0.28
1.31
0.25
0.265
12,000
1.97
0.30
1.92
0.29
0.295
8
14,000
1.55
0.32
1.35
0.29
0.305
14,000
2.00
0.33
1.98
0.35
0.340
9
16,000
1.60
0.37
1.40
0.34
0.355
16,000
2.03
0.36
2.04
0.41
0.385
10
18,000
1.64
0.41
1.44
0.38
0.395
18,000
2.10
0.43
2.09
0.46
0.445
11
20,000
1.68
0.45
1.49
0.43
0.440
20,000
2.13
0.46
2.14
0.51
0.485
12
22,000
1.72
0.49
1.54
0.48
0.485
22,000
2.20
0.53
2.20
0.57
0.550
13
24,000
1.78
0.55
1.58
0.52
0.535
24,000
2.26
0.59
2.26
0.63
0.610
14
26,000
1.82
0.59
1.64
0.58
0.585
26,000
2.31
0.64
2.32
0.69
0.665
15
28,000
1.88
0.65
1.68
0.62
0.635
28,000
2.38
0.71
2.40
0.77
0.740
16
30,000
1.92
0.69
1.73
0.67
0.680
30,000
2.42
0.75
2.47
0.84
0.795
17
32,000
1.97
0.74
1.79
0.73
0.735
32,000
2.49
0.82
2.55
0.92
0.870
18
34,000
2.02
0.79
1.85
0.79
0.790
34,000
2.58
0.91
2.62
0.99
0.950
19
36,000
2.07
0.84
1.90
0.84
0.840
20
38,000
2.13
0.90
1.97
0.91
0.915
21
40,000
2.20
0.97
2.03
0.97
0.970
22
42,000
2.27
1.04
2.11
1.05
1.045
23
44,000
2.37
1.14
2.21
1.15
1.145
39,100 lb. First Crack; 45,130 lb. Failed.
22,000 lb. First Crack; 35,190 lb. Failed.
At Elastic Limit: Load, 24,000 lb.; deflection, 0.535 in.;
S3,608 lb.
At Elastic Limit: Load, 21,000 lb.; deflection, 0.515 in.;
S, 3,054 lb.
Maximum: Load, 45,130 lb.; deflection,.....;
S6,785 lb.
Maximum: Load, 35,190 lb.; deflection,.....;
S5,120 lb.
E= 1,489,000 lb.
E= 1,288,000 lb.
TABLE 4.—(Continued.)—Load and Deflection Log. Beam IV.
Date: February 16th, 1909.
l= 12 ft.;
b(mean) = 6.0 in.;
h(mean) = 15.43 in.;
c= 7.71 in.
Date: February 10th, 1909.
l= 12 ft.;
b(mean) = 6.12 in.;
h(mean) = 15.87 in.;
c= 7.93 in. Time = 30 min.
No.
P
Deflection, in Inches.P
Deflection, in Inches.Load, in pounds.
Reading.
Total deflection.
Reading.
Total deflection.
Mean total deflection.
Load, in pounds.
Reading.
Total deflection.
Reading.
Total deflection.
Mean total deflection.
1
0
2.28
0
2.05
0
0
0
1.44
0
1.58
0
0
2
2,000
2.31
0.03
2.10
0.05
0.040
2,000
1.50
0.06
1.64
0.06
0.06
3
4,000
2,34
0.06
2.14
0.09
0.075
4,000
1.55
0.11
1.70
0.12
0.115
4
6,000
2.40
0.12
2.19
0.14
0.130
6,000
1.62
0.18
1.76
0.18
0.180
5
8,000
2.43
0.15
2.23
0.18
0.165
8,000
1.68
0.24
1.82
0.24
0.240
6
10,000
2.47
0.19
2.28
0.23
0.210
10,000
1.72
0.28
1.89
0.31
0.295
7
12,000
2.51
0.23
2.32
0.27
0.250
12,000
1.80
0.36
1.94
0.36
0.360
8
14,000
2.54
0.26
2.37
0.32
0.290
14,000
1.85
0.41
2.00
0.42
0.415
9
16,000
2.59
0.31
2.41
0.36
0.335
16,000
1.90
0.46
2.06
0.48
0.470
10
18,000
2.62
0.34
2.45
0.40
0.370
18,000
1.98
0.54
2.13
0.55
0.545
11
20,000
2.68
0.40
2.50
0.45
0.425
20,000
2.03
0.59
2.19
0.61
0.600
12
22,000
2.72
0.44
2.54
0.49
0.465
22,000
2.09
0.65
2.25
0.67
0.660
13
24,000
2.78
0.50
2.60
0.55
0.525
24,000
2.15
0.71
2.33
0.75
0.730
14
26,000
2.82
0.54
2.65
0.60
0.570
26,000
2.23
0.79
2.42
0.84
0.815
15
28,000
2.87
0.59
2.69
0.64
0.615
28,000
2.32
0.88
2.49
0.91
0.895
16
30,000
2.91
0.63
2.74
0.69
0.660
30,000
2.42
0.98
2.62
1.04
1.010
17
32,000
2.97
0.69
2.78
0.73
0.710
32,000
2.56
1.12
2.74
1.16
1.140
18
34,000
3.01
0.73
2.85
0.80
0.765
34,000
2.67
1.23
2.87
1.29
1.265
19
36,000
3.07
0.79
2.90
0.85
0.820
20
38,000
3.14
0.86
2.98
0.93
0.895
34,000 lb. First Crack; 38,425 lb. Failed.
28,360 lb. Cracked; 35,500 lb, Failed.
At Elastic Limit: Load, 22,000 lb.; deflection, 0.465 in.;
S3,320 lb.
At Elastic Limit: Load, 22,000 lb.; deflection, 0.66 in.;
S, 3,090 lb.
Maximum: Load, 38,425 lb.; deflection,.....;
S5,810 lb.
Maximum: Load, 35,500 lb.; deflection,.....;
S4,983 lb.
E= 1,601,000 lb.
E= 1,017,000 lb.
TABLE 4.—(Continued.)—Load and Deflection Log. Beam V.
Date: —
l= 12 ft.;
b(mean) = 6 in.;
h(mean) = 16 in.;
c= 8 in. Time = 40 min.
Date: February 27th, 1909.
l= 12 ft.;
b(mean) = 6 in.;
h(mean) = 15.87 in.;
c= 7.94 in.
No.
P
Deflection, in Inches.P
Deflection, in Inches.Load, in pounds.
Reading.
Total deflection.
Reading.
Total deflection.
Mean total deflection.
Load, in pounds.
Reading.
Total deflection.
Reading.
Total deflection.
Mean total deflection.
1
0
1.97
0
1.37
0
0
0
1.31
0
1.25
0
0
2
2,000
2.01
0.04
1.40
0.03
0.035
2,000
1.37
0.06
1.31
0.06
0.06
3
4,000
2.06
0.09
1.43
0.06
0.075
4,000
1.41
0.10
0.36
0.11
0.105
4
6,000
2.08
0.11
1.47
0.10
0.105
6,000
1.46
0.15
0.40
0.15
0.150
5
8,000
2.11
0.14
1.50
0.13
0.135
8,000
1.49
0.18
0.45
0.20
0.190
6
10,000
2.16
0.19
1.54
0.17
0.180
10,000
1.54
0.23
1.49
0.24
0.235
7
12,000
2.19
0.22
1.57
0.20
0.210
12,000
1.58
0.27
1.53
0.28
0.275
8
14,000
2.22
0.25
1.61
0.24
0.245
14,000
1.62
0.31
1.57
0.32
0.315
9
16,000
2.25
0.28
1.65
0.28
0.280
16,000
1.68
0.37
1.65
0.40
0.385
10
18,000
2.29
0.32
1,69
0.32
0.320
18,000
1.78
0.41
1.71
0.46
0.435
11
20,000
2.32
0.35
1.73
0.36
0.355
20,000
1.99
0.68
1.97
0.72
0.700
12
22,000
2.36
0.39
1.78
0.41
0.400
13
24,000
2.39
0.42
1.83
0.46
0.440
14
26,000
2.42
0.45
1.85
0.48
0.465
15
28,000
2.47
0.50
1.90
0.53
0.515
16
30,000
2.50
0.53
1.95
0.58
0.565
17
32,000
2.54
0.57
1.99
0.62
0.595
18
34,000
2.59
0.62
2.04
0.67
0.645
19
36,000
2.63
0.66
2.09
0.72
0.690
20
38,000
2.68
0.71
2.17
0.80
0.755
21
40,000
2.73
0.76
2.21
0.84
0.800
22
42,000
2.80
0.83
2.30
0.93
0.880
23
44,000
2.90
0.93
2.40
1.03
0.980
25,000 lb. Slight Crack; 47,000 lb. Failed.
20,000 lb. First Crack; 22,050 lb. Failed.
At Elastic Limit: Load, 22,000 lb.; deflection, 0.40 in.;
S, 3,090 lb.
At Elastic Limit: Load, 14,000 lb.; deflection, 0.315 in.;
S, 1,998 lb.
Maximum: Load, 47,000 lb.; deflection,.......;
S, 6,610 lb.
Maximum: Load, 22,050 lb.; deflection,.......;
S, 3,145 lb.
E= 1,670,000 lb.
E= 1,382,000 lb.
TABLE 4.—(Continued.)—Load and Deflection Log. Beam VI.
Date: February 12th, 1909.
l= 12 ft.;
b(mean) = 5.5 in.;
h(mean) = 15.75 in.;
c= 7.88 in. Time = 40 min.
Date: February 13th, 1909.
l= 12 ft.;
b(mean) = 5.87 in.;
h(mean) = 15.62 in.;
c= 7.81 in.
No.
P
Deflection, in Inches.P
Deflection, in Inches.Load, in pounds.
Reading.
Total deflection.
Reading.
Total deflection.
Mean total deflection.
Load, in pounds.
Reading.
Total deflection.
Reading.
Total deflection.
Mean total deflection.
1
0
1.22
0
1.30
0
0
0
1.28
0
1.30
0
0
2
2,000
1.26
0.04
1.34
0.04
0.04
2,000
1.30
0.02
1.35
0.05
0.035
3
4,000
1.29
0.07
1.38
0.08
0.075
4,000
1.36
0.08
1.39
0.09
0.085
4
6,000
1.33
0.11
1.42
0.12
0.115
6,000
1.40
0.12
1.44
0.14
0.130
5
8,000
1.37
0.15
1.47
0.17
0.160
8,000
1.43
0.15
1.47
0.17
0.160
6
10,000
1.42
0.20
1.51
0.21
0.205
10,000
1.47
0.19
1.51
0.21
0.200
7
12,000
1.45
0.23
1.55
0.25
0.240
12,000
1.51
0.23
1.56
0.26
0.245
8
14,000
1.50
0.28
1.59
0.29
0.285
14,000
1.55
0.27
1.60
0.30
0.285
9
16,000
1.54
0.32
1.63
0.33
0.325
16,000
1.59
0.31
1.64
0.34
0.325
10
18,000
1.58
0.36
1.68
0.38
0.370
18,000
1.62
0.34
1.69
0.39
0.365
11
20,000
1.61
0.39
1.72
0.42
0.405
20,000
1.66
0.38
1.74
0.44
0.410
12
22,000
1.66
0.44
1.76
0.46
0.450
22,000
1.71
0.43
1.80
0.50
0.465
13
24,000
1.81
0.59
1.81
0.51
0.550
24,000
1.77
0.49
1.84
0.54
0.515
14
26,000
1.86
0.64
1.86
0.56
0.600
26,000
1.83
0.55
1.90
0.60
0.575
15
28,000
1.91
0.69
1.91
0.61
0.650
28,000
1.90
0.62
1.97
0.67
0.645
16
30,000
1.96
0.74
1.96
0.66
0.700
30,000
1.97
0.69
2.02
0.72
0.705
17
32,000
2.00
0.78
2.02
0.72
0.750
32,000
2.12
0.84
2.10
0.80
0.820
18
34,000
2.04
0.82
2.11
0.81
0.815
34,000
2.20
0.92
2.16
0.86
0.885
19
36,000
2.10
0.88
2.20
0.90
0.890
36,000
2.29
1.01
2.24
0.94
0.975
20
38,000
2.16
0.94
2.25
0.95
0.945
38,000
2.39
1.11
2.32
1.02
1.065
21
40,000
2.28
1.06
2.38
1.08
1.070
22
42,000
2.38
1.16
2.42
1.12
1.140
23
44,000
2.44
1.22
2.52
1.22
1.220
24
46,000
2.53
1.31
2.60
1.30
1.305
25
48,000
2.66
1.44
2.71
1.41
1.425
26
50,000
2.78
1.56
2.87
1.57
1.565
33,000 lb., First Crack; 51,330 lb., Failed.
24,000 lb., First Crack; 44,000 lb., Failed.
At Elastic Limit: Load, 22,000 lb.; deflection, 0.45 in.;
S, 3,484 lb.
At Elastic Limit: Load, 20,000 lb.; deflection, 0.41 in.;
S, 3,018 lb.
Maximum: Load, 51,330 lb.; deflection,.....;
S, 8,925 lb.
Maximum: Load, 44,000 lb.; deflection,.....;
S, 6,627 lb.
E= 1,695,000 lb.
E= 1,625,000 lb.
TABLE 4.—(Continued.)—Load and Deflection Log. Beam VII.
Date: March 2d, 1909.
l= 12 ft.;
b(mean) = 6.56 in.;
h(mean) = 15.62 in.;
c= 7.81 in. Time = 1 hr.
Date: February 20th, 1909.
l= 12 ft.;
b(mean) = 6.22 in.;
h(mean) = 15.62 in.;
c= 7.81 in. Time = 33 min.
No.
P
Deflection, in Inches.P
Deflection, in Inches.Load, in pounds.
Reading.
Total deflection.
Reading.
Total deflection.
Mean total deflection.
Load, in pounds.
Reading.
Total deflection.
Reading.
Total deflection.
Mean total deflection.
1
0
1.84
0
1.71
0
0
0
1.69
0
1.73
0
0
2
2,000
1.88
0.04
1.74
0.03
0.035
2,000
1.72
0.03
1.77
0.04
0.035
3
4,000
1.92
0.08
1.79
0.08
0.080
4,000
1.76
0.07
1.80
0.07
0.070
4
6,000
1.96
0.12
1.81
0.10
0.110
6,000
1.80
0.11
1.84
0.11
0.110
5
8,000
2.00
0.16
1.85
0.14
0.150
8,000
1.84
0.15
1.87
0.14
0.145
6
10,000
2.03
0.19
1.89
0.18
0.185
10,000
1.88
0.19
1.92
0.19
0.190
7
12,000
2.06
0.22
1.93
0.22
0.220
12,000
1.91
0.22
1.95
0.22
0.220
8
14,000
2.11
0.27
1.95
0.24
0.255
14,000
1.95
0.26
2.00
0.27
0.265
9
16,000
2.14
0.30
1.99
0.28
0.290
16,000
1.99
0.30
2.03
0.30
0.300
10
18,000
2.18
0.34
2.03
0.32
0.330
18,000
2.03
0.34
2.06
0.33
0.335
11
20,000
2.22
0.38
2.05
0.34
0.360
20,000
2.07
0.38
2.11
0.38
0.380
12
22,000
2.25
0.41
2.10
0.39
0.400
22,000
2.11
0.42
2.16
0.43
0.425
13
24,000
2.29
0.45
2.13
0.42
0.435
24,000
2.15
0.46
2.20
0.47
0.465
14
26,000
2.32
0.48
2.17
0.46
0.470
26,000
2.19
0.50
2.24
0.51
0.505
15
28,000
2.36
0.52
2.21
0.50
0.510
28,000
2.23
0.54
2.28
0.55
0.545
16
30,000
2.40
0.56
2.25
0.54
0.550
30,000
2.27
0.58
2.33
0.60
0.590
17
32,000
2.43
0.59
2.29
0.58
0.585
32,000
2.32
0.63
2.37
0.64
0.635
18
34,000
2.47
0.63
2.32
0.61
0.620
34,000
2.36
0.67
2.42
0.69
0.680
19
36,000
2.51
0.67
2.37
0.66
0.665
36,000
20
38,000
2.56
0.72
2.41
0.70
0.710
27,000 lb., First Crack; 51,900 lb., Failed.
28,000 lb., First Crack; 49,000 lb., Failed.
At Elastic Limit: Load, 34,000 lb.; deflection, 0.62 in.;
S, 4,580 lb.
At Elastic Limit: Load, 20,000 lb.; deflection, 0.38 in.;
S, 2,845 lb.
Maximum: Load, 51,900 lb.; deflection,.....;
S, 6,985 lb.
Maximum: Load, 49,000 lb.; deflection,.....;
S, 6,970 lb.
E= 1,637,000 lb.
E= 1,658,000 lb.
End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Transactions of the American Society
of Civil Engineers, vol. LXX, Dec. 1910, by W. B. Gregory
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18,000[C]
II
[A]T
6.37
15.81
2,098
20,000
43,450
2,722
5,918
0.380
1,562,000
40.5
Coarse loblolly, large knots.
[A] Failed in longitudinal shear.
[C] First crack.
34,000[B]
[B] First crack.